November 5th, 2008 by Peter R Posted in This Month in History | No Comments »
October 1805
Trafalgar
During the Napoleonic Wars, the only force that prevented France from completely dominating Europe was the superior navy of the British Empire. It had frustrated Napoleon’s plans for conquest of Egypt when he was still a republican general; now, throughout the first decade of the nineteenth century, it would stymie him time and time again, though as Emperor of France he presided over the world’s greatest military.
Key to the success of the British navy was Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson, immortalized by his enthralling charisma and unconventional tactics. Nelson was the flag officer who defeated the French in Egypt, at Copenhagen, and, climactically and decisively, off Cape Trafalgar, where he routed a combined Franco-Spanish fleet without losing a single vessel. But the victory cost him his life.
Under Napoleon, France ruled mainland Europe. What Nelson was at sea, Napoleon was on the continent, devastating opposing coalitions at Ulm, Austerlitz, and Friedland. In order to sap the profits of British naval power, Napoleon concocted the Continental System, shutting off all trade between Britain and the mainland. Then, when Britain, Austria, and Russia formed a coalition and went to war with France in 1805, Napoleon resolved to crush Britain on its own soil. To do so, he needed to control the surrounding waters, especially the English Channel through which the invasion force was to be transported.
Napoleon sought to merge his European and Caribbean fleets. The French admiral Villeneuve was bottled up in Toulon by the British, but at the emperor’s command he evaded Nelson, met up with the fleet in the West Indies, and arrived in Cadiz on August 28. Meanwhile, Napoleon was waging war in Austria. A British army threatened to enter Italy and attack him from the south, so he ordered Villeneuve to enter the Mediterranean and repel them. But Admiral Lord Nelson, whose fleet was lurking outside Cadiz, beat Villeneuve to Gibraltar, then turned around and sailed northwest to force a confrontation off Cape Trafalgar.
Villeneuve positioned his ships conventionally: a solid row that maximized firepower. But Nelson devised a bold method of attack—the division of his ships into two columns that would pierce the French line. Once the French were scattered, Nelson’s better trained sailors could pick them apart. The scheme worked to perfection; the French fleet was decimated and seven thousand men were captured, including Villeneuve—but in the heat of the conflict Nelson had been shot through the lung by an enemy marksman. He died several hours later, but at Trafalgar he secured British naval dominance and crushed any French hope for an invasion of Britain. Fittingly, his last words were “Thank God, I have done my duty.”